Provisioning services: Goods that humans obtain from ecosystems, such as food, water, timber, and fiber.
Regulating services: Benefits that ecosystems provide by regulating natural processes, such as climate regulation, water purification, and erosion control.
Cultural services: Non-material benefits that humans obtain from ecosystems, such as recreational opportunities, aesthetic enjoyment, and spiritual and cultural significance.
Supporting services: Underpin all other ecosystem services, such as nutrient cycling, soil formation, and primary production.
Life and Biology 