Feedback mechanisms are crucial for regulating signal transduction pathways related to immune responses. Examples include negative feedback loops like SOCS proteins and decoy receptors, feedback inhibition by anti-inflammatory cytokines like IL-10, ubiquitin-mediated regulation, and induction of feedback inhibitors by NF-κB. These mechanisms finely tune immune responses to prevent excessive inflammation and maintain immune balance.

Upon binding to PAMPs, PRRs initiate signal transduction pathways leading to cellular responses like inflammation, immune cell activation, and antiviral state. Common pathways include TLR signaling, NLR signaling, RLR signaling, CLR signaling, cytosolic DNA sensing, and downstream effector molecule activation. Understanding these pathways is crucial for studying the innate immune response and developing targeted therapies.

Pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) play a crucial role in detecting conserved molecular patterns associated with various pathogens. Different families of PRRs recognize and respond to a broad range of pathogens, including bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites. These receptors contribute to the immune system's ability to mount appropriate responses against infectious agents.