Signs and Symptoms of Inflammation: Tumor, Rubor, Calor, Dolor, and Functio Laesa

The terms “tumor, rubor, calor, and dolor” are Latin terms that were historically used by the ancient Roman physician Galen to describe the cardinal signs of inflammation. These terms are still relevant in modern medicine and provide a concise way to characterize the clinical manifestations of inflammation:

1. Tumor (Swelling):
   • Tumor refers to the swelling or enlargement of the affected tissue during inflammation.
   • Increased vascular permeability allows fluid, immune cells, and proteins to accumulate at the site, leading to swelling.
2. Rubor (Redness):
   • Rubor describes the redness observed in inflamed tissues.
   • Increased blood flow to the affected area (vasodilation) and the accumulation of immune cells contribute to the red appearance.
3. Calor (Heat):
   • Calor refers to the heat felt in the inflamed region.
   • Vasodilation and increased blood flow bring warm, oxygenated blood to the site of inflammation.
4. Dolor (Pain):
   • Dolor signifies the pain or discomfort associated with inflammation.
   • Pressure on nerves, release of inflammatory mediators, and tissue damage contribute to the sensation of pain.

Together, these four signs, tumor, rubor, calor, and dolor, provide a clinical framework for recognizing and diagnosing inflammatory conditions.

Additionally, the term functio laesa is often included in discussions of inflammation. “Functio laesa” means “disturbed function” in Latin. In the context of inflammation, it refers to the impairment or alteration of normal tissue function due to the inflammatory process. This sign highlights that inflammation is not merely a set of visible symptoms but also involves functional changes in affected tissues. The disruption of normal function may be temporary or persistent, depending on the severity and resolution of the inflammatory response.

In summary, tumor, rubor, calor, dolor, and functio laesa collectively represent the classical features of inflammation, providing a framework for clinicians to assess and diagnose inflammatory conditions based on observable signs and symptoms.

Next Topic: A Simplified Framework for Describing the Phases of Inflammation

Source: ChatGPT response prompted and edited by Joel Graff.

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